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LLMs Encode Causal Reasoning Internally But Fail to Express It Verbally

A new research paper titled "Causal Tongue-Tie" highlights a discrepancy between what large language models (LLMs) internally encode regarding causal reasoning and their actual output. The study found that while LLMs can accurately represent causal direction in their hidden states (achieving ~0.97 accuracy with a linear probe), their direct Yes/No answers often revert to common sense, yielding only ~0.5 accuracy. This "Causal Tongue-Tie" suggests that LLM outputs may not fully reflect their internal understanding, complicating the evaluation of their causal reasoning capabilities. AI

IMPACT This research suggests that current benchmarks for evaluating LLM causal reasoning may be flawed, necessitating new methods that probe internal states rather than just output.

RANK_REASON The cluster contains a research paper published on arXiv detailing findings about LLM capabilities.

Read on arXiv cs.AI →

AI-generated summary · Google Gemini · from 2 sources. How we write summaries →

LLMs Encode Causal Reasoning Internally But Fail to Express It Verbally

COVERAGE [2]

  1. arXiv cs.AI TIER_1 English(EN) · Ziyi Ding, Xiao-Ping Zhang ·

    Causal Tongue-Tie: LLMs Can Encode Causal Direction, But Their Yes/No Outputs Fail to Express

    arXiv:2605.25891v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We find a mismatch between what large language models encode about a causal question and what they answer. On anti-commonsense CLadder items, a fixed linear probe recovers the evidence-supported answer from the model's hidden stat…

  2. arXiv cs.AI TIER_1 English(EN) · Xiao-Ping Zhang ·

    Causal Tongue-Tie: LLMs Can Encode Causal Direction, But Their Yes/No Outputs Fail to Express

    We find a mismatch between what large language models encode about a causal question and what they answer. On anti-commonsense CLadder items, a fixed linear probe recovers the evidence-supported answer from the model's hidden state (accuracy approximately 0.97), while the spoken …